چکیده:
اهداف این تحقیق بررسی ارتباط صفت لیاقت با صفتهای فاعلی و مفعولی، تعیین ویژگیهای سرنمونی صفتهای فاعلی و مفعولی در زبان فارسی، و بررسی تغییر مقولهای این صفتهاست. دادههای خام؛ صفتهای اولیه را نویسندگان مقاله پیدا کرده و سپس کاربرد آنها را در پایگاه دادگان زبان فارسی و پیکره بیجنخان بررسی کردهاند. این تحقیق نشان داد که صفتهای لیاقت را میتوان با توجه به ساخت در یکی از مقولههای صفتهای فاعلی و مفعولی جای داد. نیز مشخص شد که صفتهای فاعلی و مفعولی از نظر ساختاری نشاندار و در اکثر موارد مقایسهناپذیر و بنابراین غیرسرنمون هستند. این پژوهش نیز نشان داد که تغییرات صفتهای فاعلی و مفعولی در زبان فارسی به سمت اسم است و تغییرات اینها با تغییرات سایر صفتهای زبان فارسی مانند صفتهای «توصیف، ویژگی» و «توصیف، شیء» متفاوت است، چراکه این تغییر مقولهای باعث از دست رفتن ویژگیهای صفتی و تبدیل کامل آنها به اسم میشود.
Extended abstract 1. Introduction The most basic elements of a language which play a key role in majority of syntactic theories and morphological analyses are “parts of speech” including “adjectives”, the subject of the present contribution. The sources of Persian traditional Grammar have divided adjectives into various categories such as subjective, objective, ability types and the like. However, a considerable challenge for defining and categorizing adjectives relates to the fact that the parts of speech (henceforth, POS) have extended marked grammatical functions besides their unmarked functions. Therefore, to describe and explain POS, we should resort to a theory positing that the members of a category are not equal. The present research seeks to provide answers to the following questions: 1.How are ability adjectives associated with subjective and objective patterns? 2.Which feature(s) of prototypical adjectives do subjective and objective adjectives lack? 3.Which part(s) of speech result(s) from the categorical shift of subjective and objective adjectives and how do these adjectives differ from other types of adjectives? 2. Theoretical framework This research has been conducted within the framework of Typological Prototype Theory (henceforth, TPT), which is a theory about categorization and has arisen from cognitive linguistics. Cognitive grammar posits that language is relative, and as Langacker (1987) puts, the linguistic system is not an all-or-nothing matter. The prototype theory was developed in the works of Brent & Key and also Rosch in the 1960s and 1970s, however it was Lakoff who first used it in relation to linguistic categories. In line with Cognitive Grammar, Croft (2001) developed the Radical Construction Grammar in the form of a theory based upon Typological Prototype Theory, according to which the prototypical function of POS occurs in unmarked functions, and the POS may also appear in non-prototypical or peripheral functions through structural coding. This point of view states that each grammatical category has central and peripheral members, with the central members having higher frequency, being less structurally coded, and showing a complete potential behavior. By structural coding, we mean the use of morphemes to make a lexical category marked. Croft (2001) uses two criteria of structural coding and potential behavior for typological markedness. According to the former criterion, the marked value of a grammatical category has equal or greater morphemes than its unmarked value, while according to the latter criterion, one value of a conceptual category is grammatically more 'versatile' than the other. The grammatical behavior of the unmarked and the marked POS can be differentiated using the sub-criteria of behavioral potential criterion including comparability, function in attributive and predicative positions, and frequency of occurrence. According to Croft (2001), there are constructions in all languages of the world for predication, reference and modification, which express the propositional acts needed by languages. We can use these propositional acts to identify the POS. Words that can fill in the positions of predication, reference and modification can be divided into semantic classes, and the basic propositional act functions of strengths of the prototypes include action, object and property. 3. Methodology This is a descriptive – analytical research conducted using the content analysis method. The adjectives used as the raw data were collected by the researchers and the frequency of their occurrence were examined both in the Persian Language Database (PLDB) and Bijankhan Corpus. Considering the diverse texts and words used in these corpuses, it is expected that they are appropriate representatives of the texts and words used in Contemporary Persian. It is noteworthy that considering the practical limitations and the impossibility of analyzing all the selected adjectives, the researchers selected and analyzed a limited number of action adjectives and tried to select basic adjectives which are more frequently used and do not belong to a specific colloquial or written style. 4. Results and Discussion The present research showed that subjective and objective adjectives belong to the class of adjectives and are non-prototypical or peripheral adjectives. Examining the semantic and syntactic features of ability adjectives and comparing them with the subjective and objective adjectives, the researchers concluded that ability adjectives can be placed within either subjective or objective types of adjectives depending on their construction. This research also revealed that subjective and objective adjectives cannot be considered prototypical adjectives based on the structural coding criterion and the comparability sub-criterion. This conclusion was strongly confirmed through the frequency of these adjectives in the PLDB and Bijankhan Corpus. The present contribution also exhibited that the categorical shift of the Persian subjective and objective adjectives is toward the lexical category of noun and that the changes of these adjectives are different from the adjectives denoting a property or object. 5. Conclusions and Suggestions This research demonstrated that the TPT is able to account for the behavioral differences of the adjectives denoting property, action and object, but is incapable of explaining the behavioral differences of the sub-categories of these classes of adjectives. To reach more reliable conclusions, a typological- functional theory is needed to differentiate between all members of a category by considering all morphological, syntactic, semantic, stylistic and pragmatic criteria. Further research can analyze other types of Persian adjectives including those denoting object and property within the framework of the TPT and determine the degree to which they are close to or distant from prototypical adjectives. It is also suggested that future researches examine other POS within this framework to specify the degree of prototypicality, thereby taking a step toward bridging the gaps in relation to the POS in Persian.
خلاصه ماشینی:
اين پژوهش نيز نشان داد که تغييرات صفت هاي فاعلي و مفعولي در زبان فارسـي به سمت اسم است و تغييرات اينها با تغييرات ساير صفت هاي زبان فارسي مانند صفت هاي «توصـيف ، ويژگي» و «توصيف ، شي ء» متفاوت است ، چراکه اين تغيير مقوله اي باعث از دست رفتن ويژگـيهـاي صفتي و تبديل کامل آنها به اسم مي شود.
زمانيان (١٣٦٩: ٦٠) بر اين باور است که برخي از صفت هاي فـاعلي ماننـد نوسـاز، دست نويس ، نيم سوز در معناي صفت مفعولي به کار ميرونـد و برخـي از صـفت هـاي مفعـولي مانند رفته ، مرده ، نشسته ، در معناي صفت فاعلي استفاده ميشـوند.
براساس اين معيـار، در زبـان فارسـي صـفت هـايي ماننـد بـزرگ و زرنـگ صفت هاي سرنمون هستند، چراکه بـه صـورت هـاي تفضـيلي و عـالي تصـريف پذيرنـد، ماننـد بزرگ تر، با قيدهاي تأکيدي قابل توصيف اند، مانند خيلي زرنـگ و قابليـت اسـتفاده در فراينـد تکرار براي نشان دادن تأکيد دارند، مانند بزرگ بزرگ ، زرنگ زرنگ .
البته توجه داشته باشيم که کاربرد وصفي کاربرد اساسي صفت هاست و معيار بسامد نيز همـين را در زبان فارسي نشان ميدهد، چراکه در اين زبان برخي از صـفت هـا ماننـد اصـلي در دليـل اصلي فقط کاربرد وصفي دارند و نميتوانند در نقش اسنادي ظاهر شوند.
بـراي نمونه ، با توجه به اينکه صفت هاي لياقت در دسـتور سـنتي متنـاظر بـا صـفت هـاي فـاعلي يـا مفعولياند و تمام اين صفت ها بر کنش دلالت دارند و نيز با درنظر گـرفتن اينکـه ايـن صـفات رفتار کاملا يکساني براساس معيارها و زيرمعيارهاي نظريۀ سرنمون رده شناختي دارند، ميتوان براي پرهيز از مقوله هاي متعدد دستور سنتي از مقولـۀ صـفت هـاي کنشـي٢ بـراي تمـام ايـن صفت ها استفاده کرد.