چکیده:
The present study aims at investigating the political-military relations of Safavid Sheikhs with Sharvanshahan, and also making an attempt to propose answers to the questions on the topic. In other words, it aims at shedding light on the factors playing the major roles in forming these relations, and moreover, at discovering the motives of Safavid sheikhs for their military adventures in Caucasia region, and their confrontation with Sharvanshahan Since Sharvanshahan ruled the state of Sharvan, which was considered as the entrance gate to Christian residence. These territories, from long ago, had a great attraction for the Muslim rulers for performing Jihad (holy war) in "the land of blasphemy". By resorting to this motto, Safavid sheikhs considered the invasion of these territories the focal point of their Jihad. It is natural that in their course they had confrontation with Sharvanshahan, which ultimately led to an antagonistic relationship, and made it impossible to them to reach their ultimate goal, that was gaining political power and establishing a government. However, this eventful chapter of the Safavid history, which formed differently with the emergence of Ismail and his victory against Farokhyasar Sharvanshah, continued even after setting up a government till the time Sharvan finally joined the domain of Safavids.Safavids putting up an extremely powerful central government succeeded in making many changes in political, social and economic areas. Such changes became a foundation based on that they could establish their dynasty. Although the dynasty caused eye-catching improvements, some factors having penetrated the historic Iranian governments made them unable to make their breakthroughs in the economy of the period more durable. The present article, taking advantage of a new approach, is to investigate the economic harm and barriers to economic growth of Iran during Safavid dynasty. The main aim of this article is to; on one hand, challenge the primary cause of slow economic process of Iran, which has a historic basis and has affected Safavid dynasty in some areas and; on the other hand, reveal that economic downturn is itself the effect of Iran`s neutrality about political-social and economic development and changes.Lack of intellectual context in order to change the political-economic system, lack of political and economic institutions independent from the government, civil and international wars, natural disasters, the effect of autocracy, increasing taxes on people, unsecure roads and reduction of foreign trade as well as neglecting irrigation schemes and development projects and so forth are among the factors that are mentioned in this as harm and barriers to economic growth and breakthroughs of Iran during Safavid dynasty. Various researchers have considered Qraguyunlus "Imami Shi`ites", "radical Shi`ites" and some others know them as Sunnis. By studying criteria and characteristics of Shi`ism and matching those with Qraquyunlus, we can prove them as Shi`ites, but they are of a kind of Shi`ism called "doctrine Shi`ism" or "Sufic Shi`ism" which formed when Sunnis had turned to Shi`ism and paved their ways through Sufic currents, while being independent from common Shi`ism sects. The present article aims at proving that Qraquyunlus were Shi`a and determining what kind of Shi`ism they believe in, using a descriptive-analytical method as well as library studies.In sistan, "land" has always been the main factor in several historic events and developments so that during centuries, it has led to the creation of an old, consistent, ongoing land management system which is in accordance with the environmental, social and economic conditions. The process continued until the kingdom of Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar. At the beginning of his kingdom, lands of Sistan were declared government properties and were given to commanders and tribal chiefs as rental lands.By this vicissitude, other kinds of ownership in the area were over. This procedure was ongoing up to 1931; in this year, the government ordered to make changes and transferred the lands as rental stock to the whole residents of Sistan. This rental method was being performed for about five years, from 1932 to 1938. In this year, the council of ministers passed the law of selling lands. But, what they did could not finish territorial problems and disputes arising from that. Such prowling was simultaneous with government efforts to reduce the power of landowner commandants. Ownership changes in sistan, during the era of Pahlavi I, can be divided into three phases: rental, managerial and private.In the present article, the role of land and its developments during the period of Pahlavi I are addressed, based on historic reports and documents as well as a descriptive-analytical method.The crisis of Salar in Khorasan is one of the most significant ones during Qajar dynasty. It can be analyzed through different angles, considering its vastness and diverse aspects. In the present article, it has been tried to investigate different stages of the formation of the crisis on order to detect the most important one. The main factor in this article is taking advantage of a theoretical framework in the discussions on crisis and management of crisis and also attempting to analyze historic events based on an interdisciplinary framework composed of history, sociology and political sciences. The author insists on showing theoretical topics more prominent and defining different aspects of the concepts and management of crisis to enrich the topics discussed and enjoying other sciences to empower historic analysis performed. The main for expansion of the crisis of Salar is poor performance and deficient crisis management of the central government in the period of Mohammad shah and chancellorship of Aghasi. Another considerable point about the crisis of Salar is that it was formed based on disagreements and discords inside the government and among tribes. Finally, the crisis was controlled by the management of Mirza Taghi Khan Amir Kabir, which is referred to as a successful management of crisis.Fatimid caliphate (900-1180) which was established in the North of Africa as a rival government for Abbasid caliphate(750-1258) enjoyed particular political, administrative, and military features. The religious leaders of Ismailia in the Hidden Call period along with Da’ah network and their scattered but organized disciples could manage to found Fatimid caliphate and formally take up the political and military power in 900 AD. Likewise, there was a great development from informal to formal condition in the Ismailia Imam’s status and position and his circles, during which the power was organized, and Ismailia society elements were reconceptualized in terms of the current conventional administrative, political and military organs. The bureaucratic and military structure was under the influence of political and social Ismailia pedagogy and the demands of Shiite caliphate lasting for about two centuries. The most significant reasons for their fall were the bureaucratic and military structure, the state of interaction between bureaucrats and military, as well as the influential factors. The present study aims at describing and analyzing the bureaucratic and military structure and the reasons for the convergence and divergence in the above-mentioned interactions in order to answer the questions concerning the way bureaucrats and military interacted and the factors which influenced the interaction in the second period of Fatimid caliphate. The ruler of Herat`s refusal to do fulfill his obligations such as paying the annual tribute, attacking Khorasan trying to occupy Sistan were among the factors that made Mohammad Shah campaign in Herat to not only punish Kamran Mirza but also conquer this city that was once about to be opened by him during his father`s life. At that time, from one side, Russia was trying to encourage the Qajar king to attack Herat and occupy it in order to extend its penetration to Central Asia and Afghanistan. Furthermore, from the other side, Britain was to prevent Mohammad Shah from campaigning in Herat and took advantage of the city as an obstacle against probable attacks of Iran and Russia to India. Finally, while the army of Mohammad Shah was going toward Herat to capture the city, the menaces of Macnille and the navy of Britain to Khark Island and the South of Iran forced the Qajar king to end the siege of Herat without fulfilling his goals.The author, through a descriptive-analytical approach, aims not only at mentioning the reasons for and results of Mohammad Shah`s campaign in Herat but also at figuring out the reasons of his defeat in returning the sovereignty of Iran to the city.
خلاصه ماشینی:
An analysis of Safavid Sheikhs’ political-military relations with Sharvanshahan (1460-1495) Jahanbakhsh Savagheb 1 Abstract Keywords Associate Professor in History, Lorestan University.
A glance at Iran`s economic harm during Safavid dynasty Ali Akhzari 1 Ali Akbar Kajbaf 2 Abstract Keywords PhD Candidate in Islamic History of Iran, Isfahan University.
Qraquyunlus` Shi`ism (1374 – 1466) Seyyed Masoud Shahmoradi 1 Asghar Montazerqaem 2 Abstract Keywords PhD Candidate in History of Iran, Isfahan University.
Associate Professor in History, Isfahan University.
Associate Professor in History, Isfahan University.
A Survey on Sistan the Land Reform during the era of Pahlavi І (1921-1941) Alireza Alisufi 1 Abbas Ali Azarniushe 2 Abbas Oveisi 3 Abstract Keywords Assistant Professor in History, Payam-e Nour University.
Assistant Professor in History, Sistan Baluchistan University.
Assistant Professor in History, Payam-e Nour University.
Areas, aspects, and the stages of the crisis of Salar in Khorasan emphasizing the concepts and management of crisis (1845 – 1849) Feyzollah Boushasb Gushe 1 Asadollah Zaghian 2 Abstract Keywords Faculty Member in History, Najaf Abad Azad University.
PhD Candidate in Islamic History of Iran, Najaf Abad Azad University.
The interaction between bureaucrats and military in the second period of Fatimid caliphate in Egypt (1100-1180) Mansur Heydari 1 Abstract Keywords Assistant Professor, University of Medical Sciences of Hamadan.
An investigation of the reasons for Mohammad Shah Qajar`s defeat in returning the sovereignty of Iran to Herat (1835 – 1839) Mohammad Hasan Raznahan 1 Amir Ahangaran 2 Abstract Keywords Assistant Professor in History, Kharazmi University, Tehran.
PhD Candidate in Islamic History of Iran, Kharazmi University, Tehran.