Abstract:
لقد حظى الشرفاء دائماً بالاهتمام اللائق من قبل المغاربة، إلى حد أصبح فيه الانتماء إلى النبي (ص) أساس أي شرعية دينية وسياسية، وعليه فقد لعبوا دوراً مهماً في تاريخ المغرب. ويعود أول حضور لهم في المغرب إلى القرون الإسلامية المبكرة إذ جاءت مجموعات من نسل الإمام الحسن (ع) والإمام الحسين (ع) إلى المغرب وتشتّتوا في مناطقها المختلفة.كانت الحكومة الإدريسية أول مظهر سياسي جادّ لحضور الشرفاء في المغرب، مما شجّع على هجرة الشرفاء إلى المغرب. ومع تراجع الحكم الإدريسي في النصف الثاني من القرن الرابع الهجري، ورغم استمرار هجرة الشرفاء إلى المغرب واستيطانهم بين القبائل البربرية، لم تكن هناك ظروف ملائمة لاستعادة الشرفاء للسلطة حتى القرن العاشر الهجري. فمنذ نهاية عهد بني مرين، تمّ توفير الأسس الاجتماعية السياسية تدريجياً لإحياء قوة الشرفاء، وأخيراً شهد المغرب الإسلامي سلطة الشرفاء ثانية في القرن العاشر الهجري. إنّ العوامل المؤثرة في استعادة سلطة الشرفاء في بلاد المغرب الأقصى، رغم أهميتها، لم تحظ باهتمام كبير. فركّزت هذه الدراسة على دور الطرق الصوفية، ولا سيما الطريقة الجزولية، وتناولت بشكل تحليلي دور هذا التيار في إحياء سلطة الشرفاء في القرن العاشر في المغرب الإسلامي. وتشير نتائج الدراسات إلى أن الطرق الصوفية مع تزايد الاضطرابات السياسية والاجتماعية في المغرب منذ نهاية العهد المريني، مالت عن بنيتها الدِّعائية البحتة، فبدعم من المغاربة وتأسيس العديد من الزوايا في مختلف المناطق، تدخلت في الأوضاع السائدة آنذاك. ومن خلال تنظيم الحركات الشعبية تصدّت للحكومة المركزية الضعيفة والمعتدين الأجانب، فمهّدت الطريق لاستعادة سلطة الشرفاء بتقديم خطة لتسليم السلطة لمن ينتمي إلى آل النبي (ص).
Sharif" word (plural: Ashraf or Shorafa) is a title which is used in Maghreb and often attributed to the descendants of Muhammed. The first presence of this family in Maghreb dates to the early Islamic centuries (about eighth century onwards), when some groups from the generation of Hassan Bin Ali and Hussein Bin Ali came to Maghreb and scattered in different regions there. Shorafa were always respectable among the people of Maghreb; to some extent the attribution to Prophet has been the bases of any religious and political legitimacy and therefore, had an important role in religious, social and political history of Maghreb. The Idrisi's government was the first serious political manifestation of the presence of Shorafa in Maghreb and the first powerful Alevi's rule there which further increased the migration of Shorafa to Maghreb more and more. These emigrations continued even with the decline of this government in the late tenth century and Shorafa settled in different areas among the Berbers and maintained their identity by mixing with Berbers. These situations continued until the situations were created for Shorfa to regain their power with the emergence of the necessary grounds in 13th century onwards.Findings show, with the collapse of Mowahhedun government, the territory of Maghrib was divided between the three great governments of the great Berber tribes of Sanhajah and Zanatah: Bani Hafs in Efriqiyyah, Bani Abd al Wad in Middle Maghrib and Bani Marin in the Far Maghrib, and as a result, important events occurred in the history of Maghrib. In Far Maghrib, Bani Marin who were the most important family in coalition of Zanatah Berbers, took power. Those who came to power through military conquest, wanted to legitimize their government through different way, among other things, they tried to contribute to legitimacy of attributing to this family by proclaiming their support from Shorafa who had a high social and spiritual level among the people of Maghrib. On one hand, this approach in gaining legitimacy by Bani Marin was a good opportunity for many Ashraf to emerge once again in political and social structure of Maghrib, then in the appropriate situation officially take power in Maghrib. Affecting factors in reviving the power of Shorafa is an important issue that has not considered much attention. Focusing on the role of Sufism, this research with analytical method examines why and how Sufism emerged in political structure of Maghrib and the role of this trend as an effective factor in reviving the power of Shorafa in Maghreb. The results of studies indicate that since the end of Morabetun government and following the unfavorable political and social situation which had been emerged in the Maghrib, the tendency to Sufi trends increased and people increasingly refuged to pious people and this tendency continued during the Mowahhedun government, especially during the weakness of the central government and creating internal disturbances, But from the middle of Bani Marin era onwards and during Bani Wattas era, Sufi trends were seriously emerged in political and social structure of Far Maghrib (Maghrib al Aqsa). As a result of the weakness of central government and political disturbances and economic problems, as well as invasions in borders and Bani Wattas' weakness in encountering with the occupations of foreign forces and providing internal security led to the people's lack of trust in Bani Wattas government, and Zawiya Sheikhs, as a safety for people, took the leadership of popular and Jihadi movements. And this process had played an effective role along with pushing people towards Shorafa's leadership. In other words, with the increase of the political and social disturbances in Maghreb since the late Marini era, the most of Sufi currents by establishing many angles in different regions and supporting the people of Maghrib, left the structure of mere propaganda and seclusion and intervened in current situation. Therefore, in this period of Maghrib history, Sufis had an important role in political and social developments of Maghrib. In this era, when the tribal nervousness had lost its function to some extent, This group of Sufis and Zawiya Sheikhs, by gaining the support of tribes and preserving the structure of tribe as the most important and effective element in political and social development of Maghrib, as well as connecting the tribe with the elements of Ashraf (or honor) organized popular movement against the weak central government and the foreign aggressors and provided the basis for reviving the power of Shorafa by presenting the plan to hand over the reign to a person attributed to the family of Prophet.